Legalization of Marijuana Should Not Happen Essays

The legalization of marijuana is a very controversial issue that is being debated across the United States. In the article Going to Pot?, by Damon Linker, Linker attempts to persuade readers that legalizing of marijuana can cause more harm than help. This publication was released in November of 2001. Although two other writers, Richard Lowry and Andrew Sullivan, try to change readers beliefs Linker maintains his stance against marijuana. Without discrediting their facts he explains and defends why he feels they are wrong. The article is formal and although religion is not talked about, morals and society standards are questioned. Throughout the argument, Linker proves that effects of marijuana are detrimental to our society and†¦show more content†¦He is also reasonable when Sullivan says that marijuana is simply used for pleasure and Linker reminds the reader that the false happiness of smoking marijuana leaves the user with, a feeling of emptiness and a craving for another high to fill it.(Linker p.3) Linker is practical because he is not asking the reader to extend their beliefs, simply to refine them back to what they should be. Linker uses relevant evidence all through the article. He is persuasive because when he uses information from Lowry and Sullivan the reader could possible shift to their opinion. Linker uses logical evidence to explain why they could be wrong. For example, L and S say that no one has died from excessive use of marijuana, but many have died from excessive use of alcohol and cigarettes. Linker counters this accusation by stating that excessive use doesn’t make judgment if something should be legal or not. He states that using an excessive amount of aspirin can lead to death. Why is aspirin legal? Linker gets the last word and makes it clear that marijuana should not be legalized. The most convincing fact about Linker’s article is that people are making unclear decisions. These decisions are decisions kids will continue to make if they are not taught the proper evidence. The author is credible because he is not trying to trick the reader.Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Legalization Be Legal?1532 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana Legalization Marijuana legalization is an issue that the United States is currently facing. Through all branches and aspects of government, the concept of marijuana legalization can be applied and understood. In order to better frame the policy issue, the policy should be viewed through different lenses and all aspects of government. In this essay, it will be shown how marijuana legalization truly incorporates all areas of government interest. First, the politics of marijuana legalizationRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Not Be Beneficial1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana is such a growing debate in the United States, whether it’s on television, in the classroom, or in your own kitchen; you may find yourself debating about it with someone. You are either for it, against it, or indifferent. Either way you still have an opinion of some sort about the legalization of marijuana. Christopher Beach and William Bennett are no different. The release of their article on called â€Å"Legalize Juggernaut† on WeeklyStandard.com timing is perfect sinceRead MoreWe Live For A Recreational Drug Culture1403 Words   |  6 Pagesand academic society, it is widely accepted by society and by lawmakers that consumption of alcohol is reasonable for us and we should consume it. However, not many of us notice that fighting, vandalism, and rape occur because of that beverage (Richards). But what hap pens if everyone smokes marijuana instead of drinking alcohol? How did we come to the idea that marijuana is bad and alcohol is okay? Think about it. Growing up, everyone is told that, â€Å"Drugs are bad for you,† time and time again. NowRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Qualify Trillions Of Dollars For The Government848 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana could earn trillions of dollars for the government. â€Å"As governments struggle with decreased revenue and rising costs, the legalization of Marijuana will boost income to fund projects, such as new parks and road repairs† (â€Å"19 Primary Pros and Cons of legalizing weed† 2015) . Since 2006 more than one hundred thousand people have been estimated to have died in the drug war. This happens due to the lack of supervision in handling drugs with distribution, and useRead MoreArgument in Favor of Legalizing Marijuana1277 Words   |  6 PagesWhen comparing alcohol and marijuana which drug is more dangerous? According to statistics over 75,000 deaths in America are linked to alcohol. More than half these deaths are caused by alcohol poisoning. On the other hand marijuana cannot cause death from overdose due to being nontoxic. So why should marijuana remain illegal? Many think marijuana should remain illegal, but legalization would have much more advantages if it were legalized already. Legalization has plenty of benefits, but most ideasRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1565 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana Legalization From mandatory crop to illegal drug, cannabis has gone from revered to criminal in the course of United States history. Its fall from grace has been an education in mass hysteria, propaganda, market manipulation and greed. Fortunately, for those suffering debilitating medical conditions and those that wish to enjoy its euphoric effects alike, it appears that the pendulum is swinging in the opposite direction. The close of the 2015 legislative session revealed a potentialRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Topic of Legalizing Marijuana has been a very conversational argumentative issue in the American society; moreover in the American politics today. There are many good arguments on why Marijuana should be Legalize and my argument is based on facts and supporting details to prove why Marijuana should be legalize. The Legalization of Marijuana would be profitable to our government and economy, according to Evan Wood who is the founder of th e International Centre for Science in Drug Policy; The URead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a cannabaceae plant, which has always been associated with negative connotations until recently, when it has been discovered that this plant may be used to cure diseases and improve a country economy. Thus, the American opinion is split on the question of â€Å"Marijuana Legalization†. In fact, a survey undertaken by CNN/ORC International Poll states that 55 % of Americans believe that the use of marijuana should be legal, while only 44 % think it should be illegal (CNN). I also share the

The Depletion Of The Rat Model Of Monoamine - 1295 Words

In the present study, the rat model of depression induced by reserpine was used to evaluate whether caffeine could treat depression or exaggerate it. The present data revealed that the daily reserpine treatment for 30 days induced a significant decrease in the cortical and hippocampal serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels. In addition, a decrease in the motor activity was observed. This was indicated from the data of the open field test that exhibited a significant decrease in the number of line crossings, number of rearings and number of groomings and a significant increase in the time spent in the central square and freezing time. Immobility is a state/posture that reflects the condition of hopelessness and despair (Holmes,†¦show more content†¦As a consequence to the oxidative catabolism of cytosolic dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by monoamine oxidase, the cellular oxidant, hydrogen peroxide is produced (Youdim et al., 2006). In addition, monoamines, particularly DA and NA can undergo spontaneous oxidation in the cytoplasm, and this may lead to the damage of cellular structures ( Wasik et al., 2009). The byproducts of these reactions include a number of potentially neurotoxic species, such as hydrogen peroxide and ammonia ( Barros-MiËÅ"nones et al., 2015). In particular, hydrogen peroxide can trigger the production of reactive oxygen species and induce mitochondrial damage and neuronal apoptosis (Bortolato et al., 2008). The present findings revealed that reserpine induced oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. This was indicated from the significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels together with the significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). Under such conditions of inhibition of VMAT-2 induced by reserpine and the effect of monamine oxidase, the oxidative catabolism may explain the present oxidative stress induced in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of depression. Malondialdehyde is produced from decomposition of products of lipid peroxidation (GaweÅ‚ et al., 2004). Thus, the observed increased MDA levels may arise from the attack of the neuronal membrane phospholipids by free radicals produced from monoamine catabolism. In addition, theShow MoreRelatedThe Rat Model Of Depression1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn the present study, the rat model of depression was induced by the daily i.p. injection of reserpine for 15 days. This was followed by monitoring the motor activity to check the development of the rat model of depression. Then the depressed rats were treated with cannabis extract to study its effect on this model. After 15 days of daily reserpine injection, a significant decrease in motor activity was recorded as assessed by the open field test (OFT). Together with the hunched back appearanceRead MoreRat Model Of Depression : Induced By Daily I.p1478 Words   |  6 PagesIn the present study, rat model of depression was induced by daily i.p. injection of reserpine for 15 days. This was followed by monitoring the motor activity to check the development of rat model of depression. Then the depressed rats were treated with cannabis extract to study its effect on this model. After 15 days of daily reserpine injection a significant decrease in the motor activity was recorded as assessed by the open field test (OFT). Together with the hunch back appearance that was observedRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On An Individual s Life Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual’s life. Unfortunately though, our understanding of this disorder is limited. Contributing to this is the fact that for several decades, there was only one theory on depression, which was the monoamine theory. This theory rationalized that depression was due to an absolute or relative deficiency of monoamines and that antidepressants work by correcting this deficiency (Willner, Scheel-Krà ¼ger, Belzung, 2013). Only within the last decade or two have there been new proposals on the causes of depressionRead MoreMental Illness Is A Serious Growing Issue1949 Words   |  8 Pageset al., since the 1960’s many approaches on creating drugs have been based on the monoamine hypot hesis. The monoamine hypothesis states â€Å"depression is associated with reduced monoamine function† (Dale, 2015). Monoamines are referred to as neurotransmitters containing a single amine that are thought to play a role in emotions; some examples include dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. The monoamines work by the release of neurotransmitter in response to an action potential. They areRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease2135 Words   |  9 Pagesassociated with degenerative changes (neuronal degeneration and depigmentation) in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. The pathologic changes in the substantia nigra involve dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum and thus lead to the depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Patients with Parkinson’s disease develop akinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The akinesia is manifested as difficulty in initiating and performing volitional movements of the most common type, in cludingRead MoreEssay on Parkinsons Disease4145 Words   |  17 Pageslow level of excitatory activity to the motor cortex. The following diagram will help to clarify this information: As I mentioned before, the main pathological finding in PD that seems to result in the characteristic symptoms is a marked depletion of dopaminergic neurons that send their fibers from the substantia nigra to the striatum (nigrostriatal fibers). The lateral portion is almost always more severely affected, which supports the idea that the motor deficits in PD are due primarilyRead MorePsychology Case Study6803 Words   |  28 Pagesanalyzed. Mice exposed to CPZ for 2 and 3 weeks displayed more climbing behavior and lower prepulse inhibition, suggesting an increase in central nervous system activity and impaired sensorimotor gating. In addition, they showed lower activities of monoamine oxidase and dopamine beta hydroxylase in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and had higher dopamine but lower norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex. Mice exposed to CPZ for 4 to 6 weeks had less social interaction, which is an animal

Business Strategies Success of McDonald Free Essays

Social responsibility is the concept that business is part of the larger society in which it exists and must therefore act in a way that not only advances the firm, but also serves the society. More than ever firms are being challenged to integrate social responsibilities in to their operations. Many firms now believe that social responsibility to be a lot more than granting money to community groups or volunteering their time to organizations – although these are both important ways that firms support the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Strategies Success of McDonald or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, business leaders recognize that a commitment to corporate social responsibility can provide distinct advantage in attracting and retaining employees, dealing with suppliers and regulators, strengthening customer relationships and providing positive returns for investors. Let us take a look at some of the social responsibility issues and analyze how businesses are showing their social responsibility. Around the world there are lots of environmental concerns that challenge companies to be better global citizens. Leading companies know that taking a strong role in protecting the environment improves the efficiency of operations and saves money, making a positive impact on business partners, customers and investors. Let us see how socially responsible companies are responding to the environmental concerns. Delphi Automotive Systems is dedicated to protecting human health, natural resources and the global environment. For Delphi, a commitment to environmental management is a critical business strategy. Delphi has certified 15 of its global manufacturing sites under ISO 14001, a global standard that recognizes facilities that have systems in place to proactively manage and reduce their environmental impact. The company is working toward earning this certification for all 168 of its manufacturing facilities around the world over the next three years. John Jaffurs, director, Delphi environmental services, states, â€Å"We want to formally integrate our environmental management into the goals of the business. Delphi is using ISO 14001 and other tools as a means of creating a total environmental management system. This will allow us to integrate operational environmental issues directly into future planning. † Delphi’s involvement in reducing the automobile’s environmental impact began more than 30 years ago with the introduction of the first catalytic converters. Delphi works to reduce emissions, increase fuel economy, decrease vehicle mass and enhance the recyclability of its products. Delphi also believes that the reduction or elimination of materials can go far in helping the environment. Delphi’s E-STEER Electric Power Steering reduces the number of seals and totally eliminates the power steering fluid, hoses and pump from the power steering system. In 1995, 75 percent of all cars sold (approximately 27 million) were equipped with traditional power steering and carried an estimated 40 million liters of hydraulic fluid. This new technology can result in a significant reduction in raw materials, which means less material to recycle or dispose after the life of the product. E-STEER also reduces energy demand by up to 80 percent, resulting in improved fuel economy and reduced vehicle emissions. E-STEER received the 1999 PACE (Premier Automotive Suppliers’ Contribution of Excellence) award from Automotive News and Ernst Young LLP, which recognizes automobile suppliers who have excelled in adapting and reinventing their companies and their products to meet the growing demands of their customers — the world’s major automotive manufacturers. E-STEER is just one example of the many innovative product technologies Delphi can offer to provide environmental solutions to its customers. According to the American Lung Association, motor vehicle emissions account for approximately 77 ercent of the carbon monoxide (CO), more than 35. 6 percent of the volatile organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) and around 45 percent of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) in our nation’s air. With this in mind, car manufacturers like GM, Ford and Honda are now producing and marketing cleaner-burning cars powered by electricity, alternate fuels or a combination of the two. Environmentalists like to refer to these as â€Å"green cars† because they represent an environmentally responsible way to travel in style. Politicians, on the other hand, have begun to see the potential for addressing larger issues. Earlier this year, Representative Robert T. Matsui (D-CA) introduced legislation that would give up to $5,000 per year in consumer tax credits to people with green cars. With this in mind, GM came up with its environment friendly â€Å"EV1†, Ford with its â€Å"Ranger† and Honda with its â€Å"Insight†. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation’s largest electricity producer, has announced that it will begin test-marketing alternative energy sources as early as next year. As phase one of the TVA’s Green Power Program, the test will utilize wind, solar and landfill gas energy sources to generate roughly three to six megawatts of power. Eight distributors, representing all seven of the Tennessee Valley Public Power Association’s districts, have agreed to participate in the test. If the test is successful, TVA customers could see full-scale implementation by the end of 2003. The Green Power Program is the first of its kind in the Southeast. In related news, the TVA received word June 18 that the Department of Energy (DOE) has approved a proposal from the Virginia Alliance for Solar Electricity (VASE) to provide matching funding for the Green Power Program. The TVA’s marketing plan for Green Power represents the fruits of an alternate energy initiative that began in January 1998. At that time, the TVA solicited and received 22 proposals for adding renewable electricity generators to its energy production facilities. Initial research also revealed that 84 percent of TVA customers favored a green power option. In the fall of 1998, the TVA held seven public forums that further confirmed the need for a Green Power. Participants included several members of the environmental community, utility executives, energy experts, healthcare organizations and representatives from citizens’ groups. After the forums, the TVA formed the â€Å"multi-interest team† that was eventually responsible for the 2000 test-marketing plan. As the association of U. S. shareholder-owned electric utilities, Edison Electric Institute (EEI) works with key stakeholder groups, including regulators, legislators and member companies, to achieve environmental excellence. EEI’s Climate Challenge program is a voluntary effort created in partnership with the Department of Energy in response to concerns about global climate change, says spokesman Jim Owen. To date, more than 600 electric utilities participate in the program, which means they have pledged to sequester or avoid 170 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the year 2000. This is more than four times the original goal established by the government in 1993. While some Climate Challenge efforts are undertaken by individual utilities, there are five industry-wide initiatives in place as well. These include Envirotech Investment Funds, which provide venture capital for emerging renewable technologies; the Utility Forest Carbon Management program, which funds tree planting and forest management projects; the National Earth Comfort Program, which promotes geothermal heat pumps; EV America, which introduces electric vehicles into the marketplace; and International Utility Efficiency Partner-ships, which support joint projects with foreign utilities and governments to provide efficiency of new or existing power systems. According to the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration, electric utilities represent almost 85 percent of the voluntary actions to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gases. In addition, electric utilities have made significant progress in restoring aquatic habitats, protecting endangered species and generating renewable energy, says Owen Bridging the gap between school and work is another critical link that companies are focusing on. The national organization Jobs for the Future (JFF) was founded in 1983 to help prepare tomorrow’s workforce and smooth the transition from school to work. Ford†s Contribution in developing tomorrow’s workforce Ford Foundation, is an initiative that seeks to create a measurable increase in jobs, wealth, services and other community infrastructure through increased corporate involvement in community economic development. JFF works with the initiative’s many partners, whose collective experience and expertise cover community and economic development, national and international business and education to achieve these goals. One of JFF’s major corporate partners is the Ford Motor Company. The two organizations have developed a relationship in which they exchange expertise and experience that allow both to enhance their individual programs. â€Å"In today’s rapidly changing economy, schools alone cannot effectively prepare young people for a successful future,† explains Hilary Pennington, president of Jobs for the Future. â€Å"Academic standards are only part of the equation. Young people need the chance to apply what they’ve learned to new situations, and what happens in the real world is hard to simulate in school. We try to build partnerships between companies and schools to give kids opportunities to expand their learning experience. The Ford program is a splendid example of this type of partnership. † Ford has created several innovative education initiatives that â€Å"are helping us create a pipeline — for employees and suppliers, as well as a consumer base for our products,† says Renee Lerche, director, workforce development, Ford Motor Company. For example, the Ford Academy of Manufacturing Sciences (FAMS) is an academic- and work-based program in public high schools. The program’s goals are to provide students the opportunity to learn science, math, technology and communications skills in real-life settings and encourage them to pursue secondary education. Ford trains high school teachers, who teach the manufacturing-oriented courses to 11th or 12th grade students (participants take two courses through Ford each year). An internship during the summer between 11th and 12th grade provides work experience as well. The program serves as a way not only to attract future employees to Ford, says Lerche, but also as a way to draw customers for its cars and trucks. We don’t have concrete evidence that if you do these things, people buy your products. However, these activities do influence perception of our commitment to the communities in which we do business,† says Lerche. Issues such as environmental protection, education and community support are critical to companies that want to gain the trust and loyalty of their constituents. The companies profiled here understand that corporate social responsibility offers clear business benefits for all stakeholders. How to cite Business Strategies Success of McDonald, Essay examples

Impact of Changes in Mental Health Nursing Practice on Younger

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Changes in Mental Health Nursing Practice on Younger People. Answer: Introduction: Mental health nursing practice is a significant component of health care system which helps to provide comprehensive and holistic mental health care to patients with physiological disorders (Rickwood et al., 2014). It is not just restricted to the management of mental disorders but also includes mental health promotion, prevention of mental illness, planning an early intervention to reduce the risk of mental illness, promote the well-being of an individual, rehabilitation and health restoration. The World Health Organisation has stated that nearly 25 % of global population is affected by mental illness every year and it causes nearly 14 % of global burden of disease (Bor, Dean, Najman, Hayatbakhsh, 2014). The Australian Bureau of Statistics has suggested that one in five people in Australia have a mental disorder. Approximately 14 % of Australian teenagers and children have a mental disorder or behavioural problem. It is found that the risk of mental illness and behavioural problems is more in boys when compared to girls of same age group (McCloughen, Foster, Huws?Thomas, Delgado, 2012). The mental health problems increase the risk of other health behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use. Poor mental health in young children increases the risk of learning difficulties, bullying at school, physical or sexual abuse. It is often associated with low-family income, poor family relationships, parental illness, substance abuse, and poor conduct (Lawrence, et al., 2015). Over the past two decades, different types of political, social and economic trends brought changes in mental health service provision. These changes have a positive impact on the holistic development of young people with mental disorders. In the past, the treatment and care focused on addressing the deficit criteria such as lack of sense of achievement, alcohol abuse and low-income family situations. The individuals who are not capable of achieving optimal psychosocial well-being are believed to experience adverse health effects. But, recently with the changes in mental health practice, the medical professionals and mental health nurses are focusing on the optimism. They are encouraging the children and young patients to improve their condition irrespective of their adverse circumstances (McCloughen, Foster, Huws?Thomas, Delgado, 2012). Nowadays, the mental health care professionals are focusing on the strengths of the children and young people such as social functioning, emotional competency as these are the essential components for improving the mental well-being of an individual (Long, 2016). The concept of positive psychology helps the young people to develop resilience, confidence, and self-efficacy. To practice positive psychology, the health care professionals should actively listen to the patients, understand their needs and identify their strengths and beliefs (Mills, Fleck, Kozikowski, 2013). The evidence based nursing practice gained importance in the mid-1990s, since then several studies and documents related to psychiatric nursing have been published which provides the provision of evidence-based nursing practice. Evidence based practice is implemented by most of the professionals as it helps them to make best clinical decisions which improve the patient outcomes provides the scope of professional development (Wong, et al., 2015). The evidence based practice suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy is highly beneficial for the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, the CBT should be provided flexibly to the children and adolescents as the thinking transforms from concrete to abstract in most of the children at 10 to 12 years. Children above 12 years have sophisticated thinking, social awareness and complex sense of morality. Therefore, the mental health nurses should be able to differentiate the abilities of younger and older children before delivering CBT (Sturmey, Hersen, 2012). Social Effectiveness Therapy is another novel treatment method which is used to decrease the social anxiety in children and adolescents (Long, 2016). It helps to increase interpersonal skills by involving them in some social activities. This program is appropriate for children of age group 7 to 17 years. It combines the group therapy which provides social skill training and personalized behavioural treatment to decrease social anxiety (James, et al., 2013). Parent child interaction therapy which was developed by Dr. Sheila Eyberg is used to treat disruptive behaviours in the children aged 2 to 7 years. It is a kind of positive psychology in which child learns specific positive attention skills. This therapy helps to increase positive parenting and parent-child interaction (Pearl, et al., 2012). Multidimensional family therapy, functional family therapy, and strength oriented family therapy are useful for young people who use illicit drugs or substance abuse. The interventions in these programs involve treatment, family involvement, and retention protocol and development appropriate interventions. They focus on broad outcomes such as decreased substance use, improved family functioning, peer relations, school attendance, and reduced antisocial behavior(Celinska, Furrer, Cheng, 2013; Gehart, 2012; Rigter et al., 2013). In conclusion, the changes in the mental health nursing practice have enabled the nurses to implement holistic interventions which focus on the biological, psychological and social determinants of the young people. Family based interventions help the children and their parents to know each other and facilitates the development of effective child-parent relationship which promotes well-being of the children and young people (Rickwood et al., 2014). Understanding the child development is a key factor in mental health nursing as it helps to set realistic goals while caring for children or young people at different ages. It is also important to understand the social functioning and peer-relationship while caring for young people (Long, 2016). Further, evidence based practice helps to make individualised care plans which help to focus on the mental health needs of the young people and provide competent care. References: Bor, W., Dean, A. J., Najman, J., Hayatbakhsh, R. (2014). Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,48(7), 606-616. Doi: 10.1177/0004867414533834 Celinska, K., Furrer, S., Cheng, C. C. (2013). An outcome-based evaluation of functional family therapy for youth with behavioral problems.Journal of Juvenile Justice,2(2), 23. Retrieved on 25 July, 2017 from https://search.proquest.com/openview/29e1253f5f65e3ab0f77db9f80604b80/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=2031010 Gehart, D. R. (2012). The mental health recovery movement and family therapy, part II: a collaborative, appreciative approach for supporting mental health recovery.Journal of marital and family therapy,38(3), 443-457. Doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00229 James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., Choke, A. (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,6. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004690 Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., Boterhoven de Haan, K., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., Zubrick, S. R. (2015). The mental health of children and adolescents: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Retrieved on 25 July, 2017 from https://research.acer.edu.au/well_being/1/ Long, R., 2016. The social psychology of risk, safety and leadership maturity. AusIMM Bulletin, (Apr 2016), p.26. McCloughen, A., Foster, K., Huws?Thomas, M., Delgado, C. (2012). Physical health and wellbeing of emerging and young adults with mental illness: An integrative review of international literature. International journal of mental health nursing, 21(3), 274-288. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00796.x Mills, M., R. Fleck, C., Kozikowski, A. (2013). Positive psychology at work: A conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and a look ahead.The Journal of Positive Psychology,8(2), 153-164. Doi: 10.1080/17439760.2013.776622 Pearl, E., Thieken, L., Olafson, E., Boat, B., Connelly, L., Barnes, J., Putnam, F. (2012). Effectiveness of community dissemination of parentchild interaction therapy.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,4(2), 204. Retrieved on 25 July, 2017 from https://my.apa.org/apa/idm/login.seam?ERIGHTS_TARGET=http%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2011-06109-001 Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). headspaceAustralias innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?. The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(2), 108-111. Rigter, H., Henderson, C. E., Pelc, I., Tossmann, P., Phan, O., Hendriks, V., ... Rowe, C. L. (2013). Multidimensional family therapy lowers the rate of cannabis dependence in adolescents: A randomised controlled trial in Western European outpatient settings.Drug and alcohol dependence,130(1), 85-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.013 Sturmey, P., Hersen, M. (Eds.). (2012).Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology, child and adolescent disorders(Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., ... Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(7), 1951-1966. Doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z

Guess Jeans E-Commerce Essays - Fashion, Guess, Paul Marciano

Guess Jeans E-Commerce Guess ?, Inc. designs, markets, and distributes clothing apparel and accessories for men and women. It was created by three brothers, known as the Marciano brothers who grew up in Southern France. Maurice Marciano oversees the companys design direction, Paul Marciano is the Co-Chairman and Co-chief officer, and Armand Marciano is the Senior Executive Vice President . They were inspired by the American western tradition to begin the clothing designs of Guess ?. After Bloomingdales agreed to purchase two dozen of their jeans as a favor they were sold out with in hours. Thats when, in 1981, the official Guess ? label was born, and would become one of the most recognized brand names. Guess ? uses historical trends within the market to develop a sales plan for designs and as a guide to the number of sales per garmet. With the sales plan in mind they seek out the best quality product at the best possible price. Once the materials are gathered the cost of the item is determined. Including manufacturing labor, fabric, trims, and various other details included in the production of the clothing a rough cost is agreed upon. After the cost is found Guess ? then determines on a style merchandising cost, which is based on raising or lowering prices to maximize sales and profits. As of today Guess ? has product licenses all over the world. Also it has distributors in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Guess ? can be found in many department, retail, specialty, and factory stores and as of January 1995 online. Guesss ? online store is created in Los Angeles, were its E-Commerce department is located. Their responsibility is to create texts, graphics, researches of new technologies, and track online sales. The Guess?.Com website is updated every two to three months so the most accurate information is always available to consumers. On the Guess ? website they support electronic security clearly stated at the bottom of the page. They have security measures set up to protect the consumer from any loss or misuse of information under their control. Credit card information and sign-in passwords are always stored in an unreadable, encrypted format. Also, the site is protected by a multi-layer firewall based security system. So any consumer information personal or not is well protected. Guess ? also offers the option if an item is bought online to return it to any one of their retail stores. If you decide to ship it back to the company they will pay shipping on returned packages. You can even e-mail Guess ? at their e-commerce returns address if you have any further questions or problems, its guaranteed theyll get back to you with in twenty-four hours after receiving it. At the end of each season an analysis is performed to measure the success of Guesss ? online store. Afterwards its then evaluated and improvements are made for future developments. This is not only done for Guesss web site, but for other types of media buys they advertise in for example magazines, billboards, and bus sides. This ensures that all information is utilized for use at a later date to increase cash flow. Guess ? has 43.5 million shares of common stock as of November 6, 2000. Prices ranging from $21.06 to $27.31 per share For the nine months that ended September 30, 2000 Guesss ? revenues rose 44 percent to $582.9 million dollars. Their net income has increased by 1 percent to $33.2 million dollars in the nine months. As businesses usually break even or lose money from their online stores Guess ? has managed to increase their earnings. In the future Guess ? will most likely be as successful as it was for the last twenty years if not more. With new retail stores opening quiet frequently and an online store now available its making it more convenient for the consumer to purchase Guess ?. The more secure the purchasers of Guess ? feel the greater the likelihood their online store will bring in more business as long as their quality assurance remains the same. Overall businesses in ten years that have online stores will probably be the ones that bring

The Pros and Cons of Biofuels

The Pros and Cons of Biofuels There are many environmental benefits to replacing oil with plant-based biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. For one, since such fuels are derived from agricultural crops, they are inherently renewable- and our own farmers typically produce them domestically, reducing our dependence on unstable foreign sources of oil. Additionally, ethanol and biodiesel emit less particulate pollution than traditional petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuels. They also do not have much of a net contribution of greenhouse gases to the global climate change problem, since they only emit back to the environment the carbon dioxide that their source plants absorbed out of the atmosphere in the first place. Biofuels Are Easy to Use, but Not Always Easy to Find And unlike other forms of renewable energy (like hydrogen, solar or wind), biofuels are easy for people and businesses to transition to without special apparatus or a change in vehicle or home heating infrastructure- you can just fill your existing car, truck or home oil tank with it. Those looking to replace gasoline with ethanol in their car, however, must have a â€Å"flex-fuel† model that can run on either fuel. Otherwise, most regular diesel engines can handle biodiesel as readily as regular diesel. Despite the upsides, however, experts point out that biofuels are far from a cure for our addiction to petroleum. A wholesale societal shift from gasoline to biofuels, given the number of gas-only cars already on the road and the lack of ethanol or biodiesel pumps at existing filling stations, would take some time. Are There Enough Farms and Crops to Support a Switch to Biofuels? Another major hurdle for widespread adoption of biofuels is the challenge of growing enough crops to meet demand, something skeptics say might well require converting just about all of the world’s remaining forests and open spaces over to agricultural land. â€Å"Replacing only five percent of the nation’s diesel consumption with biodiesel would require diverting approximately 60 percent of today’s soy crops to biodiesel production,† says Matthew Brown, an energy consultant and former energy program director at the National Conference of State Legislatures. â€Å"That’s bad news for tofu lovers.† Of course, soy is now much more likely to be grown as an industrial commodity than as an ingredient for tofu! In addition, the intensive cultivation of crops for biofuels is done with the help of large amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers. Does Producing Biofuels Use More Energy than They Can Generate? Another dark cloud looming over biofuels is whether producing them actually requires more energy than they can generate. After factoring in the energy needed to grow crops and then convert them into biofuels, Cornell University researcher David Pimental concludes that the numbers just don’t add up. His 2005 study found that producing ethanol from corn required 29 percent more energy than the end product itself is capable of generating. He found similarly troubling numbers in the process used to make biodiesel from soybeans. â€Å"There is just no energy benefit to using plant biomass for liquid fuel,† Pimentel says. The numbers might look quite different, though, for biofuel derived from agriculture waste products which would otherwise end up in a landfill. Biodiesel has been manufactured from poultry processing waste, for example. Once fossil fuel prices rise back up, those types of waste-based fuels might present favorable economics and will likely be developed further. Conservation is a Key Strategy for Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels There is no one quick-fix for weaning ourselves off of fossil fuels and the future will likely see a combination of sourcesfrom wind and ocean currents to hydrogen, solar and, yes, some use of biofuelspowering our energy needs. The â€Å"elephant in the living room† that is often ignored when considering energy options, however, is the hard reality that we must reduce our consumption, not just replace it with something else. Indeed, conservation is probably the largest single â€Å"alternative fuel† available to us. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Critical Analysis 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Analysis 2 - Essay Example Some rationalist ideas and the remnants of Puritan ideas are seen in the Declaration of Independence. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is explain three examples of Rationalist and remnants of Puritan ideas in the Declaration. Whether Puritan ideas seem to be in conflict with Rationalist elements will be investigated.The works of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes will be referred to. Rationalism is a philosophic belief in natural rights which is perceived and applied by individuals with the help of reasoning powers (Hill 74). Puritanism, on the other hand, is marked by rigid beliefs on living a pure life devoid of indulgence, and a Christian life in the quest of Godliness and the establishment of the truth of God. The period of Enlightenment (1650 to 1800) believed to be an age of rationalism, evolved from the humanistic changes in religious beliefs of the earlier period and the emergence of puritanism. Puritanism began with Protestant reforms in the early sixteenth century to purify the Church and society of corruption and dogma (Cody & Landlow, 1988). Puritanism was the philosophy of life â€Å"which was carried to New England by the first settlers in the early seventeenth century† (Miller & Johnson 1). Thomas Jefferson’s concept of rationality included the belief in natural rights and an innate moral sense common to all people. One example of rationalist idea in the Declaration is Jefferson’s attack on the practice of slavery in the first draft of the Declaration of Independence. He stated that slavery did not follow the natural law of right to freedom which was a basic human right (Hill 82). Another example of a rationalist idea is that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (U.S. History 2009). This should mean equal treatment of Africans with white settlers. However,

Justice exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Justice exam - Essay Example Rawls defines the capacity for a sense of justice as â€Å"the capacity to understand, to apply, and to act from the public conception of justice which characterizes the fair terms of cooperation†, which includes â€Å"a willingness...to act in relation to others on terms that they also can publicly endorse† (Garrett, 2005; Rawls, 1971; Rawls, 2001). There are two important elements here. First: To comply with this standard only requires conventional morality, knowing and obeying society's norms (Kohlberg, 1958; Crain, 1985). Postconventional morality, or the ability to think independently of society and question its norms, is not necessary. Second: Rawls is not saying that one always has to act on that willingness and capacity. A criminal could steal food knowing about society's norms but rejecting them for some higher good, or even steal money out of callousness, and still not lose their position as equal members of the community necessarily. Thus, many criminals and deeply flawed people are still part of Rawls' moral universe. Similarly, Rawls defines the conception of good as some idea of a goal or what is good in life and what is valuable, which usually is expressed as â€Å"a more or less determinate scheme of final ends, that is, ends [goals] that we want to realize for their own sake, as well as attachments to other persons and loyalties to various groups and associations† (Garret, 2005; Rawls, 1971). This is even less restrictive than the other condition. To satisfy this condition, one merely need have some idea of the good at some level of sophistication. One can disagree sharply with society and with Rawls and still be part of the moral universe. These ideas are important to later elements of Rawls' arguments about ethics because they express highly unrestrictive notions of who deserves to be treated as part of the community that nonetheless provide some discriminatory power above and beyond simply saying that all human beings ar e exactly equal. An utter sociopath with no capacity for morality and a stunted notion of what is good may not qualify for community membership and thus not be entitled to all of the rights of the community, for example. Rawls' idea of blind society design and the difference principle are also supported by this notion of the two goods. Rawls' moral psychology is connected to this notion in that it establishes a sort of species characteristic of moral and justice intuition. â€Å"The moral sentiments are a normal part of human life. One cannot do away with them without at the same time dismantling the natural attitudes as well† (Rawls, 1971). These elements were never fully completed, not least because the psychological evidence for them is limited and hard to establish, but later Rawlsian theorists like Baldwin did continue in that vein (). Baldwin argues that Rawls' notion of moral psychology has an inextricably social character: For Rawls, social behavior and rules are part of our innate moral intuitions. Rawls was far from alone in assuming that there is an innate psychological predisposition to moral concerns: Hume and Chomsky share this notion. â€Å"What's the source of such moral truisms? We don't know much more than David Hume did 250 years ago when he pointed out that our moral judgments are so rich and complex, and apply so readily to new cases, that they must derive from some fixed principles, and since we cannot acquire these from experience, they must be part of our nature (14). Rather like

Travel to Peru for Yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Travel to Peru for Yoga - Essay Example Other elements such as product price and ease of acquisition come into play. For instance, you have a car and you want somebody to clean it every day (ideal situation) because you feel bad about cleaning it every-day (actual situation) so you decide to outsource the services of an individual or a specialized firm to do this task at whatever cost. You don’t judge how to reach this ideal situation. So you won’t have a purchase in this situation. This is the second most important element in the buying process of a consumer. Once the consumer had identified the need for a product, the consumer will explore possible solutions to the needed problem. They will look for more information or less information depending on the choices they need to make as pertains to the identified need. There are two main sources for gathering information. They are external and internal sources. The internal source is already present in the consumers’ memory while the external source is obtained from either friends, family or from the press. The consumer will pay much attention to the internal information as opposed to the external information to make purchase decisions. Once the consumer collects all the information, they will explore more alternatives that seem suitable to satisfy their needs and pick the one that befits them. To make this possible, they will evaluate the attributes of a product. Each consumer has a unique way of evaluating these attributes. All brands are not equal to all consumers; consumers prefer different brands to others depending on how they perceive these brands.Consumers will also use the information that they had collected previously to make the evaluation easier for them. At this stage the consumer has evaluated all the options available with regards to the products. The remaining part is to make a purchase for the product that ultimately fulfills their need. This stage may also be

Biological And Psychological Theories Of Crime Criminology Essay

Biological And Psychological Theories Of Crime Criminology Essay As the famous English playwright and poet, William Congreve, said in his play titled; The Mourning Bride: a tragedy;Heavn has no rage, like love to hatred turnd, Nor hell a fury, like a woman scornd. This famous quote is nowadays more known as Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned and I believe, shows the hidden power within a woman; the power to deceive the conventional image of a woman, that is to neglect all the characteristics often associated to a woman, and to commit crime. This in turn, I believe, is the reason why so many people are intrigued with learning about why women do what they do. Often enough, we tend to look at a woman as a gentle being, capable of bearing and taking care of children, someone who is calm and low tempered, as well as, capable of holding a family together. This, however, is the conventional portrayal of a woman and is highly associated with the Sex-role theory by the Functionalists which explains the socialisation of females and males. This claim states that males are inclined to be tough, risk taking and to be aggressive, but females, on the other hand are socialised to be gentle. Hence, according to the functionalists, males are more likely to be criminals. Sociologist Frances Heidensohn also argues that women are less involved in crime because crime is gendered as a male activity whereas females exhibit soft characteristics. Nonetheless, many women around the world have committed crimes, as can be seen in the case studies and statistics in the sections below. Women have loitered, stolen, stalked, and even murdered. This functionalist theory does not, in any way, explain why a woman, in the first place would commit crime, however, it does somewhat relate to a theory by Cesar Lombroso (1835-1909). Lombroso believed that all crime was a Biological Atavism. This involved the examination of the cranial capacity as well as the facial features which in turn could identify biological criminal traits. Lombroso concluded that females who committed crime had more masculine traits whereby the brain capacity and difference in skull was more inclined to that of a male. In his studies, results showed that female criminals also carried the worst possible female characteristics which include; a lack of sensitivity to pain as well as a lack for compassion which are generally controlled in women by what he called feminine weakness and underdeveloped intelligence. This in turn, could mildly explain the vicious and dangerous personality of a female criminal. According to Lombrosos study, criminal women had deficient moral sensibilities, unstable characters, excessive vanity, irritability, revengefulness, and an uncontrolled sexual desire. Lombroso went on to say that the only way to end female c riminality was to prohibit criminal meaning so as to avoid the biological traits from passing onto another generation genetically. More recent explanations look at hormones such as testosterone which is proven to control levels of aggression and anger. A certain James M. Dabbs, Jr, from the department of psychology at Georgia State University in Atlanta, conducted a lot of research on how high testosterone levels are linked to crimes. He noted that high testosterone levels were strongly linked to more violent crimes, and violations. This was also proven in women, whereby high testosterone levels were related to crimes of unprovoked violence, increased numbers of prior charges, and decisions against parole. Dalton (1964) studied the effects of menstruation cycles upon female behaviour. Parker (1960) concluded that sixty-two per cent of the crimes of violence committed by female prison inmates were committed in the premenstrual week. Parker claimed that hormonal or menstrual factors can influence women to commit crime in certain circumstances. Although biology seems to produce a convincing starting point as to why women commit crime and is nowadays more commonly used as an explanation, sociologists often dismiss biological factors as they take a deeper look into the environmental background of women who commit crime and the society which they live in. Feminist Sociologist Carol Smart was a very important figure within the Feminist Criminology world. In her 1977 writing she stated; Our knowledge is still in its infancy. In comparison with the massive documentation on all aspects of male delinquency and criminality, the amount of work carried out on the area of women and crime is extremely limited Since her writing, one may actually find more theories and ideas related to female criminality, yet a few broad theories related to this aspect of sociology continuously overlook the idea that gender may indeed be a factor influencing criminality. This is despite the fact that official figures suggest that gender is perhaps the most significant single factor in whether an individual is convicted of crime (Smart, 1977). Women, due to the social portrayal of roles as already mentioned above, is depicted as someone who is unable to commit crime. This in turn leads us to the Mad not bad theory (Lloyd, 1995: xvii). This is the idea that a woman who commits crime must indeed be mad as opposed to bad since she dared to go against [her] natural biological givens such as passivity and a weakness of compliance' (Lloyd, 1995). As a theory, this may, in turn, reflect the low number of female prisoners, however, if we had to apply this theory to Malta, research has shown that by the end of December 2011, Mount Carmel had 268 males and 252 females who formed part of the sleeping-in population. Although I am not able to say if any of these patients actually had anything to do with any sort of criminal behaviour, by simply looking at the numbers, one can conclude that the theory is inefficient in explaining the Maltese situation because the numbers of females to males is less. Another theory is the Liberation Theory also known as Freda Adlers theory of Emancipation. This theory deals with the idea that ever since the liberation of women, the rate of female criminality has increased. Research, however, shows that female criminality was on a rise before the liberation of women. James and Thornton studied women prisoners and from their studies revealed that the women who were imprisoned originally came from poor and uneducated backgrounds. When asked for a reason as to why they offended, the responses received did not appear to be linked to liberation (1980). Upon looking for Sociological theories, I realised that Carol Smart was actually right in her accusation. Not a lot of sociological theories are in fact linked solely to female criminality. Sociological theories try to find a reason as to why people in general commit crime and rarely focus solely on female criminals. However, when looking for biological theories many were actually found and these seemed to focus a lot upon why females commit crime and what brings them to commit it. Could this mean that female criminality is largely linked to biology as opposed to environment, since research seems to direct us to this conclusion? Could female criminality be the perfect answer to the Nature vs. Nurture argument, again due to the theories found and how they are mainly linked to biology? The nature vs. nurture argument is one that has been discussed for years, and continues to be discussed. This argument tries to figure out as to whether crime is something which is controlled genetically or environmentally. The Nativists take on the extreme heredity Position whereby they assume that the features together with the characteristics of a human being are a result of evolution and individual differences evolve from our unique genetic code. In other words, they take on the nature approach, whereby our biology and genetic code can determine as to whether we are more likely to commit crime or not. For example, if my mother is a criminal, this theory believes that I too am very likely to become a criminal as was my grandmother. On the other hand we find the Empiricists (not to be confused with the scientific Empiricists). These are the environmentalists whom take up the nurture approach. They believe that at birth, everyones mind is a tabula rasa which means a blank slate (a t erm often used by John Locke). Over time this tabula rasa is filled as a consequence of experience (e.g. Behaviourism). In other words it is through experience that one might become a criminal and another may not. Personally, I believe that no matter how much we try to wrack our brains to ultimately figure out the reason as to why females commit crime, it is not one that as such can be answered. We can continue trying to come up with theories, which will eventually always be criticized by someone who thinks otherwise. The truth is that every human being has their own way of thinking, and trying to come up with a universal explanation as to how people think or why they do what they do is rather impossible. The Judiciary System and Female Criminals Apart from theories regarding why women commit crime, other theories take a closer look into the judiciary system and female criminals. Many believe that female criminality and court sentencing are linked together in a very unusual manner. Some believe that the Judiciary system can ultimately be affected by such a thing as gender. In other words, some believe that females receive a different sentence than men for the sole reason that they are females. Some of these theories can be seen below. A theory which looks at female criminality and sentencing is the Chivalry Theory. This theory deals with the idea that female offenders tend to be sentenced in a more lenient manner than that of men. This theory is highly linked to the sex-role theory presented earlier by the Functionalists. Females are seen as nurturers and caregivers, and hence this theory believes that females should be given a much more merciful sentence because they are weak and fragile. According to Otto Pollak (1950) in his book The Criminality of Women men have a protective attitude towards women and hence Men hate to accuse women and thus send them to their punishment, police officers dislike to arrest them, district attorneys to prosecute them, judges and juries to find them guilty, and so on David Farrington and Alison Morris (1984) studied the sentencing of 408 theft cases in a magistrates court. All these cases happened in Cambridge that same year. Around 110 of these offences were committed by women. Through these cases, it was shown that even though the male offenders received more severe sentences than the women did, research found that this difference had disappeared when the severity of the offences was then taken into account. Furthermore, Farrington and Morris concluded that there was no independent effect of sex on sentence severity. Nagel and Hagan (1983)believe that females are treated more leniently than males as long as they are committing less serious offenses and exhibit behaviours consistent with their appropriate gender role: acting passively( Ruth T. Zaplin. Female Offenders: Critical Perspectives and Effective Interventions) This leads us to the second theory related to the criminal justice system; The Evil Woman theory. This theory deals with the idea that since women are stepping out of their social roles and actually committing crime they are treated in a harsher manner than men who commit the same crime. It is hard for one to actually pinpoint which theory, if any, is most commonly put into practice. According to Joanne Belknap and Kristi Holsinger, it is important for us to keep in mind that the hypothesis best reflecting reality may depend on the type of crime and stage of the system where the decision is made (i.e., policing, courts, and corrections). In other words, each case will have to be taken individually and each stage will need to be looked at in depth. The Maltese SituationC:UsersuserDesktopUNIVERSITYAssignementsprison StatisticsLogo.jpg C:UsersuserDesktopUntitled.jpg C:UsersuserDesktopUNIVERSITYAssignementsprison StatisticsStatistics per year.jpg C:UsersuserDesktopUNIVERSITYAssignementsAnnual CCF Population.jpg The above information has been obtained from the site http://www.crimemalta.com/prison.html. In turn, this information was provided by Corradino Correctional Facility, Valletta Road Paola, Malta, PLA 1518. The tables and charts above present us with the exact number of prisoners present in the Maltese prison and the amount of males as opposed to females who are or have carried out a prison sentence. Through the tables, one can look at the prison population over the years, the population of prisoners monthly throughout the year 2011, the amount of prisoners over the months of 2012, as well as a weekly update of the current month. The Maltese prison carrying capacity is actually meant to be 500 people. However, as one can note, the amount of prisoners actually staying in our Maltese prison adds up to over 600 people, of which only 45 are female prisoners. Looking through statistics, one can see the largest gap of prisoners between 2006 and 2007, whereby the amount of female prisoners increased by 12 whereas in the following years we can see that the number was kept rather constant. Through these statistics, one can conclude that in proportion to the total amount of prisoners present, Malta has an extremely small number of female prisons. Nonetheless, this does not mean that actual female criminality is very low. One must keep in mind that a lot of crimes go unreported or undetected. Therefore, one cannot assume that there arent many female criminals in Malta. In fact, it is known that a lot of domestic violence cases on men go unreported for several reasons, one being humiliation. As Katryna Storace stated in her article THE UNFAIR SEX; Domestic violence has traditionally been understood as a crime perpetrated by domineering men against vulnerable women. But recent data is slowly beginning to reveal a growing number of male victims. Ms. Ruth Sciberras, Manager of Domestic Violence Services at AppoÄ ¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡, the national social welfare agency, seconds the idea that a lot of domestic violence cases upon men are not the actual figures and that in actual fact there is a hidden figure concealed. Such an example proves to one how the rate of female criminality in Malta could very well be higher than what our prison is indicating. Even so, one cannot help but ask for the reasons as to why the 49 female prisoners are actually there. The following table, obtained from Formosa S., (2012) CrimeMalta, www.crimemalta.com presents us with a good idea of the offences for which women were incarcerated during the 2000s (2000-2009). Catagory Over 10 Years % Theft 43 16.8 Arson 1 0.4 Blackmail 1 0.4 Breach of Conditions 14 5.5 Court Order 1 0.4 Conversion of Fines 50 19.5 Drugs 51 19.9 Contempt of Court 3 1.2 Defilement 1 0.4 Disturbances 1 0.4 Escaped from Custody 1 0.4 Falsification 12 4.7 False Evidence 1 0.4 Fraud 15 5.9 Threats 5 2.0 Homicide 1 0.4 Loitering 14 5.5 Migration 5 2.0 Others 36 14.1 Total 256 100 Although Loitering is often the common assumption as to why women go to prison, the table above actually shows that women who have in fact ended up in prison were mainly for conversion of fines (which is when a person has received several fines, those fines are not paid, so therefore converted into a prison sentence), drugs and also theft. Through this research and statistics we are now not only able to determine the exact amount of women in the Maltese prison, but also have a clear indication of the crimes that are mostly committed by Maltese women of crime. Case Studies Here are two examples of the most Notorious female criminals; Bonnie Parker Famously known as Bonnie and Clyde, were shot to death by officers on May 23, 1934 in Louisiana. They were believed to have murdered 13 people, and involved in several robberies as well as burglaries. Aileen Wuornos A former prostitute who was executed in 2002 for killing seven men in the late 1980s and early 1990s. As can be seen from all the research, a log of people have tried to find the reason and solution for women and criminality. Through shown statistics, Malta has a very low number of female criminals. This, of course, does not include hidden statistics i.e. crimes which go undetected. The reasons as to why women end up in prison in Malta have also been shown to be safer then those abroad, whereby very little lives have been taken away by Maltese female criminals. This topic has taught me a lot regarding the female sex and social expectations upon us. Nonetheless to every rule there is an exception, and no social construct can prevent criminality.

The Battle Continues When Soldiers Return from Iraq Essay -- Mental Il

The Battle Continues When Soldiers Return from Iraq Even though Jimmy Massey, a former U.S. solider in Iraq, was pulled out of the war almost two years ago, it remains at the center of his life. On May 15, 2003 Massey was flown back stateside and though he lives a life without bullets and tanks, he now fights off terrible nightmares, constant anxiety, and bouts of depression. Massey, 34, was a marine for almost 12 years before he was deployed to Iraq during the initial U.S. invasion. There he witnessed the shooting of more than 30 innocent civilians and his thoughts of war transformed forever. Massey was honorably discharged from the military with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and suffered major depression. Despite being called a coward by his superiors Massey, with the help of his wife Jackie, sought the mental health treatment he needed. The Massey’s search for assistance proved not to be a simple task. â€Å"At first all he did was see therapists. It took us about six months to get him set up through the Veterans Administration to get his medicine and start therapy. There is such a huge waiting list that he doesn't get to go to therapy as often as he would like but I guess at this point something is better than nothing,† his wife, Jackie said. There have been times when the Massey’s feel they are fighting an uphill battle with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Because there is no cure for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Massey will likely be in need of treatment for all his life. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that develops after a person experiences a horrific or traumatic event. More specifically, the term Combat PTSD was developed after Vietnam, even though the condition h... ...holism and PTSD go hand in hand and the VA Hospital made a terrible mistake that day,† Lessin said. MFSO never want a situation like Jeffery Lucey’s to occur again. Through working with organizations like MFSO and educating people about PTSD, people like the Massey’s hope the system can make progress within the system. Jackie Massey believes the blame should not only lie on the VA Hospital, but on the huge lack of funding and lack of staff. The VA reported that in 2003 almost 200,000 veterans were on waiting lists to receive health care. â€Å"I am working right now to make some changes. I want to have a database of therapists and doctors who will offer their services to returning soldiers for free or reduced costs so that these men and women can receive treatment outside the military. I think that is a very important key in the whole process,† Jackie Massey said.