The Depletion Of The Rat Model Of Monoamine - 1295 Words

In the present study, the rat model of depression induced by reserpine was used to evaluate whether caffeine could treat depression or exaggerate it. The present data revealed that the daily reserpine treatment for 30 days induced a significant decrease in the cortical and hippocampal serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels. In addition, a decrease in the motor activity was observed. This was indicated from the data of the open field test that exhibited a significant decrease in the number of line crossings, number of rearings and number of groomings and a significant increase in the time spent in the central square and freezing time. Immobility is a state/posture that reflects the condition of hopelessness and despair (Holmes,†¦show more content†¦As a consequence to the oxidative catabolism of cytosolic dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by monoamine oxidase, the cellular oxidant, hydrogen peroxide is produced (Youdim et al., 2006). In addition, monoamines, particularly DA and NA can undergo spontaneous oxidation in the cytoplasm, and this may lead to the damage of cellular structures ( Wasik et al., 2009). The byproducts of these reactions include a number of potentially neurotoxic species, such as hydrogen peroxide and ammonia ( Barros-MiËÅ"nones et al., 2015). In particular, hydrogen peroxide can trigger the production of reactive oxygen species and induce mitochondrial damage and neuronal apoptosis (Bortolato et al., 2008). The present findings revealed that reserpine induced oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. This was indicated from the significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels together with the significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). Under such conditions of inhibition of VMAT-2 induced by reserpine and the effect of monamine oxidase, the oxidative catabolism may explain the present oxidative stress induced in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of depression. Malondialdehyde is produced from decomposition of products of lipid peroxidation (GaweÅ‚ et al., 2004). Thus, the observed increased MDA levels may arise from the attack of the neuronal membrane phospholipids by free radicals produced from monoamine catabolism. In addition, theShow MoreRelatedThe Rat Model Of Depression1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn the present study, the rat model of depression was induced by the daily i.p. injection of reserpine for 15 days. This was followed by monitoring the motor activity to check the development of the rat model of depression. Then the depressed rats were treated with cannabis extract to study its effect on this model. After 15 days of daily reserpine injection, a significant decrease in motor activity was recorded as assessed by the open field test (OFT). Together with the hunched back appearanceRead MoreRat Model Of Depression : Induced By Daily I.p1478 Words   |  6 PagesIn the present study, rat model of depression was induced by daily i.p. injection of reserpine for 15 days. This was followed by monitoring the motor activity to check the development of rat model of depression. Then the depressed rats were treated with cannabis extract to study its effect on this model. After 15 days of daily reserpine injection a significant decrease in the motor activity was recorded as assessed by the open field test (OFT). Together with the hunch back appearance that was observedRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On An Individual s Life Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual’s life. Unfortunately though, our understanding of this disorder is limited. Contributing to this is the fact that for several decades, there was only one theory on depression, which was the monoamine theory. This theory rationalized that depression was due to an absolute or relative deficiency of monoamines and that antidepressants work by correcting this deficiency (Willner, Scheel-Krà ¼ger, Belzung, 2013). Only within the last decade or two have there been new proposals on the causes of depressionRead MoreMental Illness Is A Serious Growing Issue1949 Words   |  8 Pageset al., since the 1960’s many approaches on creating drugs have been based on the monoamine hypot hesis. The monoamine hypothesis states â€Å"depression is associated with reduced monoamine function† (Dale, 2015). Monoamines are referred to as neurotransmitters containing a single amine that are thought to play a role in emotions; some examples include dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. The monoamines work by the release of neurotransmitter in response to an action potential. They areRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease2135 Words   |  9 Pagesassociated with degenerative changes (neuronal degeneration and depigmentation) in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. The pathologic changes in the substantia nigra involve dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum and thus lead to the depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Patients with Parkinson’s disease develop akinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The akinesia is manifested as difficulty in initiating and performing volitional movements of the most common type, in cludingRead MoreEssay on Parkinsons Disease4145 Words   |  17 Pageslow level of excitatory activity to the motor cortex. The following diagram will help to clarify this information: As I mentioned before, the main pathological finding in PD that seems to result in the characteristic symptoms is a marked depletion of dopaminergic neurons that send their fibers from the substantia nigra to the striatum (nigrostriatal fibers). The lateral portion is almost always more severely affected, which supports the idea that the motor deficits in PD are due primarilyRead MorePsychology Case Study6803 Words   |  28 Pagesanalyzed. Mice exposed to CPZ for 2 and 3 weeks displayed more climbing behavior and lower prepulse inhibition, suggesting an increase in central nervous system activity and impaired sensorimotor gating. In addition, they showed lower activities of monoamine oxidase and dopamine beta hydroxylase in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and had higher dopamine but lower norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex. Mice exposed to CPZ for 4 to 6 weeks had less social interaction, which is an animal